Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)
Magder S. The meaning of blood pressure. Crit Care Med. 2018;46(5):e482-e483. MAP = DBP + 1/3(SBP - DBP).
Find source for Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)REFERENCES & SOURCES
Follow the evidence.
A starting point for deeper critical-care learning. Explore the reference material behind NavICU, organized by topic.
Educational reference only. Read the original source, check its date and context, and use your institution’s validated resources for clinical care.
Last updated: July 20, 2026
01 / REFERENCE LIBRARY
Bedside calculators & clinical scores
The formulas and cutoffs used in NavICU's 26 calculators are drawn from the original validation studies and widely adopted clinical references.
Corrected Calcium (Calcium-albumin adjustment)
Payne RB, Little AJ, Williams RB, Milner JR. Interpretation of serum calcium in patients with abnormal serum proteins. Br Med J. 1973;4(5893):323-326.
Find source for Corrected Calcium (Calcium-albumin adjustment)Anion Gap & Delta Ratio
Kraut JA, Madias NE. Serum anion gap: its uses and limitations in clinical medicine. Am J Kidney Dis. 2007;49(3):430-443.
Find source for Anion Gap & Delta RatioP/F Ratio (PaO2/FiO2)
ARDS Definition Task Force. Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: the Berlin Definition. JAMA. 2012;307(23):2526-2533.
Find source for P/F Ratio (PaO2/FiO2)MELD Score
Kamath PS, Wiesner RH, Malinchoc M, et al. A model to predict survival in patients undergoing transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts. Hepatology. 2001;33(2):464-470.
Find source for MELD ScoreGlasgow Coma Scale (GCS)
Teasdale G, Jennett B. Assessment of coma and impaired consciousness: a practical scale. Lancet. 1974;2(7872):81-84.
Find source for Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS)Parkland Formula
Baxter CR. Fluid volume and electrolyte changes of the early postburn period. Clin Plast Surg. 1974;1(4):693-703.
Find source for Parkland FormulaCreatinine Clearance (Cockcroft-Gault)
Cockcroft DW, Gault MH. Prediction of creatinine clearance from serum creatinine. Nephron. 1976;16(1):31-41.
Find source for Creatinine Clearance (Cockcroft-Gault)02 / REFERENCE LIBRARY
Cardiac & vascular
References for shock states, pressors, vasopressors, and cardiac physiology covered in the learning cards.
Vasoactive medications in shock
Levy B, et al. Experts' recommendations for the management of adult patients with cardiogenic shock. Ann Intensive Care. 2018;8(1):54.
Find source for Vasoactive medications in shockSurviving Sepsis Campaign: Hemodynamic management
Evans L, et al. Surviving Sepsis Campaign: International Guidelines for Management of Sepsis and Septic Shock 2021. Crit Care Med. 2021;49(11):e1063-e1143.
Find source for Surviving Sepsis Campaign: Hemodynamic managementNorepinephrine vs. dopamine in shock
De Backer D, et al. Comparison of dopamine and norepinephrine in the treatment of shock. N Engl J Med. 2010;362(9):779-789.
Find source for Norepinephrine vs. dopamine in shock03 / REFERENCE LIBRARY
Pulmonary & ventilation
Ventilator modes, weaning, ARDS management, and respiratory physiology references.
ARDSNet Ventilator Protocol
The Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Network. Ventilation with lower tidal volumes as compared with traditional tidal volumes for acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2000;342(18):1301-1308.
Find source for ARDSNet Ventilator ProtocolSpontaneous Awakening and Breathing Trials
Girard TD, et al. Feasibility, efficacy, and safety of antipsychotics for intensive care unit delirium: the MIND randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Crit Care Med. 2010;38(2):428-437. (See also ABCDEF bundle literature.)
Find source for Spontaneous Awakening and Breathing TrialsStatPearls — Mechanical Ventilation
StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2026 Jan. Mechanical Ventilation.
View source for StatPearls — Mechanical Ventilation04 / REFERENCE LIBRARY
Renal, electrolytes & acid-base
Electrolyte replacement, renal replacement therapy, and acid-base interpretation references.
StatPearls — Hyperkalemia
StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2026 Jan. Hyperkalemia.
View source for StatPearls — HyperkalemiaStatPearls — Hypokalemia
StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2026 Jan. Hypokalemia.
View source for StatPearls — HypokalemiaKDIGO Acute Kidney Injury Guideline
Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO). KDIGO Clinical Practice Guideline for Acute Kidney Injury. Kidney Int Suppl. 2012;2(1):1-138.
View source for KDIGO Acute Kidney Injury GuidelineRenal replacement therapy dosing
Venkataraman R, Kellum JA. Renal replacement therapy in sepsis: current evidence. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2007;13(6):677-682.
Find source for Renal replacement therapy dosing05 / REFERENCE LIBRARY
Infectious disease & sepsis
Sepsis definitions, antibiotic stewardship, and infectious disease reference material.
Sepsis-3 Definitions
Singer M, et al. The Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3). JAMA. 2016;315(8):801-810.
Find source for Sepsis-3 DefinitionsqSOFA and SOFA
Seymour CW, et al. Assessment of Clinical Criteria for Sepsis: For the Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3). JAMA. 2016;315(8):762-774.
Find source for qSOFA and SOFAStatPearls — Sepsis
StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2026 Jan. Sepsis.
View source for StatPearls — Sepsis06 / REFERENCE LIBRARY
Neurology
Neurocritical care references including GCS, ICP management, stroke, and seizure references.
ICP Monitoring Guidelines
Chesnut RM, et al. A Trial of Intracranial-Pressure Monitoring in Traumatic Brain Injury. N Engl J Med. 2012;367(26):2471-2481.
Find source for ICP Monitoring GuidelinesStatus Epilepticus
Glauser T, et al. Evidence-based guideline: treatment of convulsive status epilepticus in children and adults: report of the Guideline Committee of the American Epilepsy Society. Epilepsy Curr. 2016;16(1):48-61.
Find source for Status EpilepticusNIH Stroke Scale
Lyden P, et al. A modified Rankin Scale that is valid for the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale. Stroke. 1994;25(11):2245-2249.
Find source for NIH Stroke Scale07 / REFERENCE LIBRARY
ACLS & emergency algorithms
Advanced cardiac life support algorithms and emergency reference cards used in the flashcard decks.
AHA ACLS Provider Manual
American Heart Association. ACLS Provider Manual. 2020 Guidelines for CPR and ECC.
View source for AHA ACLS Provider ManualAHA Adult Cardiac Arrest Algorithm
Panchal AR, et al. Part 3: Adult Basic and Advanced Life Support: 2020 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care. Circulation. 2020;142(16_suppl_2):S366-S468.
Find source for AHA Adult Cardiac Arrest AlgorithmStatPearls — Advanced Cardiac Life Support
StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2026 Jan. Advanced Cardiac Life Support (ACLS).
View source for StatPearls — Advanced Cardiac Life Support08 / REFERENCE LIBRARY
Pharmacology & drips
Vasoactive and sedative infusion references, dosing, and compatibility notes used in the pharmacology learning cards.
ICU Drips and Titration
Chatterjee AN. The ICU Book. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer; 2019. (Widely used ICU pharmacology reference.)
Find source for ICU Drips and TitrationSedation, Analgesia, and Delirium Guidelines
Devlin JW, et al. Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Prevention and Management of Pain, Agitation/Sedation, Delirium, Immobility, and Sleep Disruption in Adult Patients in the ICU. Crit Care Med. 2018;46(9):e825-e873.
Find source for Sedation, Analgesia, and Delirium GuidelinesVasopressors in shock
Hollenberg SM. Vasoactive drugs in circulatory shock. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011;183(7):847-855.
Find source for Vasopressors in shock09 / REFERENCE LIBRARY
General ICU & critical care
Foundational critical-care references and open educational resources used across multiple topic areas.
StatPearls
StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2026 Jan. A peer-reviewed medical database with free full-text articles maintained by the NCBI.
View source for StatPearlsUpToDate — ICU topics
UpToDate, Inc. Wolters Kluwer. Clinical decision support resource used for guideline summaries and expert topic reviews.
View source for UpToDate — ICU topicsOpenAnesthesia Critical Care
OpenAnesthesia. Society for Education in Anesthesia (SEA). Open-access critical care educational content.
View source for OpenAnesthesia Critical CareSCCM iSepsis
Society of Critical Care Medicine. iSepsis educational resources and sepsis training modules.
View source for SCCM iSepsis10 / REFERENCE LIBRARY
Professional guidelines & societies
Major professional organizations and guideline repositories referenced in NavICU content.
American Heart Association (AHA)
American Heart Association. Guidelines for CPR and ECC.
View source for American Heart Association (AHA)Society of Critical Care Medicine (SCCM)
SCCM. Surviving Sepsis Campaign and critical care guidelines.
View source for Society of Critical Care Medicine (SCCM)American College of Chest Physicians (CHEST)
CHEST. Clinical guidelines and critical care resources.
View source for American College of Chest Physicians (CHEST)European Society of Intensive Care Medicine (ESICM)
ESICM. Guidelines and consensus statements in intensive care medicine.
View source for European Society of Intensive Care Medicine (ESICM)KDIGO
Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes. Evidence-based nephrology guidelines.
View source for KDIGOSources are a starting point.
NavICU is an educational study aid, not a medical authority. Citations help you explore the original material; they do not guarantee accuracy or replace professional judgment.
If a citation is missing, outdated or incorrect, email support@streamwalkers.com with the source and your concern. Please do not include patient-identifying information.